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Getting Maximum Range
Factors Affecting Energy Consumption
While driving:
• Elevated driving speed.
• Environmental conditions such as cold or hot weather and wind.
• Using climate controls to heat or cool the cabin.
• Uphill travel: Driving uphill requires more energy and depletes range at a faster rate. However, driving downhill
allows your vehicle to regain a portion of its expended energy through regenerative braking (see Regenerative
Braking on page 108).
• Short trips or stop-and-go traffic: It takes energy to bring the cabin and Battery to a specified temperature when
starting the vehicle. You may see a higher average consumption when the vehicle is used for very short trips or in
heavy traffic.
• Heavy cargo load.
• Windows rolled down.
• Wheels and tires not maintained.
• Customized settings or third-party accessories (roof or trunk racks, third-party wheels).
While parked and not plugged in to a charger:
• Preconditioning the cabin or using climate controls.
• Summon.
• Vehicle infotainment and climate controls system.
• Sentry mode.
• Tesla or third-party mobile app requests.
Tips to Maximize Range
You can maximize your driving range using the same driving habits you use to conserve fuel in a gasoline-powered
vehicle. To achieve maximum range:
• Slow down your driving and avoid frequent and rapid acceleration. Consider using Chill Mode (touch Controls >
Pedals & Steering > Acceleration) and Speed Assist (see Speed Assist on page 183) to assist in controlling your
acceleration and speed.
• If safe to do so, modulate the accelerator pedal instead of using the brake pedal when gradually slowing down.
Whenever Model S is moving and you are not pressing the accelerator pedal, regenerative braking slows down
the vehicle and feeds surplus energy back to the Battery (see Regenerative Braking on page 108).
• Limit the use of resources such as heating and air conditioning. Using seat and steering wheel heaters (if
equipped) to keep warm is more efficient than heating the cabin using climate controls.
• With your vehicle plugged in, use the mobile app to precondition your vehicle to ensure the cabin is at a
comfortable temperature and windows are defrosted (if needed) before your drive by touching Climate > On and
customizing your preferences (see Mobile App on page 80).
• Touch Schedule, available on both the charging and climate control screens, to set a time when you want your
vehicle to be ready to drive (see Scheduled Charging and Scheduled Departure on page 226).
• Set Stopping Mode to Hold to gain the benefit of regenerative braking at low driving speeds.
• Ensure the wheels are aligned to specification, the tires are kept at the recommended inflation pressures (see Tire
Care and Maintenance on page 234), and are rotated when needed (see Maintenance Service Intervals on page
231).
• Lighten your load by removing any unnecessary cargo.
• Fully raise all windows.

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• Turn on Range Mode, if equipped (see Range Mode on page 229).
• Features such as Sentry Mode and Cabin Overheat Protection can impact range. Disable features when not
needed.
• To prevent an excessive amount of energy consumption while the vehicle is idle, keep the vehicle plugged in
when not in use.
It is normal for estimated range to decrease slightly over the first few months before leveling off. Over time, you may
see a gradual, but natural, decrease in range at full charge – this depends on factors such as the mileage and age of
the Battery. Your Model S will inform you in the unlikely event a hardware issue is causing excessive Battery or range
degradation.
The power meter on the instrument panel provides feedback on energy usage.
Range Assurance
The driving range displayed in Model S is an estimate of the remaining battery energy and, when set to Rated
(Controls > Display > Energy Display), is based on EPA-rated consumptionor ECE R101 (depending on market
region). It may not account for your personal driving patterns or external conditions. The displayed range on the
instrument panel may decrease faster than the actual distance driven. To view estimated range based on your recent
energy consumption, open the Energy app to display the graph.
NOTE: Rated driving range is based on EPA-rated consumption in the United States, which deviates from tests
advertised and performed in other jurisdictions.
Model S helps protect you against running out of energy. Your vehicle continuously monitors its energy level and
proximity to known charging locations.
Touch Chargers in the Navigation search bar to toggle between types of chargers, including
Superchargers and destination charging sites.

When you are at risk of driving beyond the range of known charging locations, the touchscreen displays a message
giving you the opportunity to display a list of charging locations that are within range. When you select a charging
location from the list, Model S provides navigation instructions and the turn-by-turn direction list displays the
predicted amount of energy that will remain when you arrive at the charging destination.
Trip Planner (if available in your market region) routes you through Supercharger locations to minimize the amount
of time you spend charging and driving. To enable, touch Controls > Navigation > Trip Planner (see Trip Planner on
page 206).
Energy App
The Energy app provides a visual representation of your vehicle's real-time and projected energy usage. To use the
Energy app, navigate to Application Launcher > Energy on the touchscreen. Choose from two types of charts:
• Consumption: Display how much energy Model S has consumed over the past 5, 15 or 30 miles (10, 25 or 50 km).
Touch Instant Range or Average Range to adjust the projected range estimation. Instant Range uses only the
latest few data points to estimate the projected range, whereas Average Range uses the past 5, 15 or 30 miles (10,
25 or 50 km) of energy consumption to provide a more accurate projected range.
• Trip: You can monitor the amount of energy being used while navigating to a destination. You can track actual
usage against the initial prediction. The green line represents the actual usage whereas the gray line represents
predicted usage. To change the zoom level, touch the zoom icon located in the top right corner of the chart.
NOTE: The Trip chart displays energy usage only if you are currently navigating to a destination.

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Range Mode
Range Mode (if equipped) conserves energy by limiting the power of the climate control system and turns off the
signature lights. Turn Range Mode on by touching Controls > Driving > Range Mode.When turned on in an All-Wheel
Drive vehicle, Range Mode also optimizes torque distribution between the motors to maximize range.
Saving Energy
Model S has an energy-saving feature that reduces the amount of energy being consumed when Model S is not in
use. On newer vehicles, this feature is automated to provide an optimal level of energy saving. However, on older
vehicles, you can touch Controls > Display > Energy Saving and choose from the following options:
• OFF - Model S automatically shifts to the energy-saving mode only at night (10 pm to 5 am). Idle energy
consumption may increase.
• ON - Significantly less energy is consumed whenever Model S is not in use. The start-up time of the instrument
panel and Bluetooth could be slower.
• Always Connected - Preserves cellular connectivity when energy saving is active. This allows the mobile app to
connect to Model S quicker, and provides immediate internet access when entering the car. Slightly more energy
is consumed.

Maintenance

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Software Updates
Loading New Software
Tesla updates your vehicle's software wirelessly, constantly providing new features. Tesla recommends you install
software updates at the earliest opportunity on your vehicle. To ensure the fastest and most reliable delivery of
software updates, leave Wi-Fi turned on and connected whenever possible. In most cases, your vehicle must be
connected to Wi-Fi to start an update (see Wi-Fi on page 83).
Software updates are not performed when the following features are active:
• Smart Preconditioning
• Keep Climate On, Dog Mode, or Camp Mode
• Sentry Mode
NOTE: On an as-needed basis, Tesla also sends software updates using a cellular connection.
WARNING: Do not attempt to use the vehicle while the software is being updated. Vehicle functions, including
some safety systems, may be limited or disabled when a software update is in progress and you could damage
the vehicle.
When a software update is available, a yellow clock icon appears at the top of the touchscreen. There are three ways
you can install software updates:
• Touch the yellow clock icon to display the scheduling screen, which prompts you to select a time to install the
update (Set For This Time) or install it now (Install Now). Once scheduled, the yellow clock icon changes to a
white clock icon until the update begins. At any time before the update begins, you can touch this clock icon to
reschedule the update.
• Touch Controls > Software to determine if an update is available for your vehicle. If available, touch Software
Update Available to navigate to the scheduling screen, as mentioned above.
• Start updates using the Tesla mobile app.
NOTE: Some software updates can take up to three hours to complete. Model S must be in Park while the software is
being updated. To ensure the fastest and most reliable delivery of software updates, leave the Wi-Fi turned on and
connected whenever possible (see Wi-Fi on page 83).
There are two phases to a software update:
• Download phase: During this phase, the new update is sent wirelessly to the vehicle. If a software update is
available but cannot be downloaded because the vehicle is not connected to Wi-Fi, the top of the touchscreen
displays a yellow download icon. The next time the vehicle connects to Wi-Fi, the download occurs automatically.
When the download is in progress, the download icon turns green. Although you can drive while the software
update is downloaded, doing so can interrupt the download if your vehicle loses the Wi-Fi connection. When the
software update is fully downloaded and ready to install, a yellow clock icon displays at the top of the
touchscreen.
• Install phase: During the install phase, you cannot drive. If plugged in, your vehicle will stop charging until the
installation is complete. To start the install phase, touch the yellow clock icon at the top of the touchscreen. Touch
Install Now to begin the installation immediately or touch Set For This Time to choose a start time for the
installation. If you schedule the software update to install at a future time, the yellow clock icon changes to a
white clock icon until the installation begins. At any time before the update installs, you can touch this clock icon
to reschedule.
NOTE: Software updates will not install if Keep, Dog, or Camp mode are enabled (see Keep Climate On, Dog, and
Camp on page 194).
Software Update Preferences
Tesla determines how, when, and where to send updates to vehicles based on various factors unique to each release.
You can choose how quickly and often you receive software updates. To change your preference, touch Controls >
Software > Software Update Preferences and choose either of these options:
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• Standard: Receive software updates using the normal rollout timeframe for your region and vehicle configuration.
When a software release is made available it has generally been running on other customer vehicles for a period
of time.
• Advanced: Receive the latest software updates for your region and vehicle configuration at the earliest
opportunity they are available. Keep in mind that although you receive updates at the earliest opportunity, you
may not be in the first group of Tesla owners to receive the update. Choosing Advanced does not enroll your
vehicle in Tesla's early access program.
NOTE: Tesla does not update software upon request for those wanting to receive the latest features and
improvements. Selecting Advanced and consistently connecting to Wi-Fi (see Wi-Fi on page 83) is the best way to
receive the latest software updates.
NOTE: The software update screen persists until you install the update. You must install a software update as soon it
becomes available. Any harm resulting from failure to install a software update is not covered by the vehicle’s
warranty. Failure or refusal to install updates can cause some vehicle features to become inaccessible, digital media
devices to become incompatible.
NOTE: Tesla may update or reinstall your vehicle's software as part of the normal diagnostic, repair, and maintenance
process within Service.
NOTE: Reverting to a previous software version is not possible.
If the touchscreen displays a message indicating that a software update was not successfully completed, contact
Tesla.
Charging
If Model S is charging when the software update begins, charging stops. Charging resumes automatically when the
software update is complete. If you are driving Model S at the scheduled update time, the update is canceled and
must be rescheduled.
Viewing Release Notes
When a software update is complete, read the release notes displayed on the touchscreen to learn about changes or
new features. To display release notes about the current version of your vehicle's software at any time, touch
Controls > Software > Release Notes.
Tesla strongly recommends reading all release notes. They may contain important safety information or operating
instructions for your Model S.

Maintenance Service Intervals
Service Intervals
Your vehicle should generally be serviced on an as-needed basis. However, Tesla recommends the following
maintenance items and intervals, as applicable to your vehicle, to ensure continued reliability and efficiency of your
Model S.
For more do-it-yourself maintenance procedures and information, see https://www.tesla.com/support/do-ityourself-guides.
For more information on vehicle alerts, see Troubleshooting Alerts on page 289.
• Brake fluid health check every 2 years (replace if necessary).
• A/C desiccant bag replacement every 2 years.
• Cabin air filter replacement every 2 years.
• HEPA filters and replacement every 3 years.
• Clean and lubricate brake calipers every year or 12,500 miles (20,000 km) if in an area where roads are salted
during winter
• Rotate tires every 6,250 miles (10,000 km) or if tread depth difference is 2/32 in (1.5 mm) or greater, whichever
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NOTE: Any damage caused by opening the Battery coolant reservoir is excluded from the warranty.
NOTE: The above intervals are based on typical driving behaviors and scenarios. However, Model S should generally
be serviced on an as-needed basis; depending on various circumstances such as driving behavior, usage,
environmental conditions, etc., the above maintenance items may need to be replaced more or less frequently than
specified. Additionally, the above list should not be considered comprehensive and does not include consumable
parts such as windshield wipers, brake pads, low voltage lead-acid battery, etc.
NOTE: Damages or failures caused by maintenance or repairs performed by non-Tesla certified technicians are not
covered by the warranty.
Schedule Service
Scheduling a service visit through the mobile app is easy. After touching Schedule Service, select the type of service
needed and follow the directions in the mobile app. Provide as much detail as possible, such as:
• Photos, sound recordings, or videos.
• Date(s), time(s), and time zone when the issue occurred.
• Country of use and location.
• Approximate speed the vehicle was traveling (if applicable).
• Environmental conditions (rain, snow, cold, etc.).
• Road name and type of road (if applicable).
• Quality of lane markings (if applicable).
• Applicable vehicle settings.
• Identifiable symptoms.
Visit https://www.tesla.com/support/service-visits for more information on scheduling service.
Daily Checks
• Check the Battery’s charge level, displayed on the instrument panel or mobile app.
• Check the condition and pressure of each tire (see Tire Care and Maintenance on page 234).
• Check that all exterior lights, horn, turn signals, and wipers and washers are working.
• Check for any unexpected indicator lights or vehicle alerts on the touchscreen or instrument panel.
• Check the operation of the brakes, including the parking brake.
• Check the operation of the seat belts (see Seat Belts on page 53).
• Look for abnormal fluid deposits underneath Model S that might indicate a leak. It is normal for a small pool of
water to form (caused by the air conditioning system’s dehumidifying process).
• Look around the exterior of Model S and immediately remove any corrosive substances (such as bird droppings,
tree resin, tar spots, dead insects, industrial fallout, etc.) to prevent damage to the paint (see Cleaning on page
246).
Monthly Checks
• Check windshield washer fluid level and top up if necessary (see Topping Up Windshield Washer Fluid on page
250).
• Check that the air conditioning system is operating correctly (see Operating Climate Controls on page 192).
NOTE: In addition to cooling the interior, the air conditioning compressor also cools the Battery. Therefore, in hot
weather, the air conditioning compressor can turn on even if you turned it off. This is normal because the system’s
priority is to cool the Battery to ensure it stays within an optimum temperature range to support longevity and
optimum performance. Also, even when not in use, you may hear Model S emit a whining noise or the sound of water
circulating. These sounds are normal and occur when the internal cooling systems turn on to support various vehicle
functions, such as maintaining the low voltage battery and balancing the temperature of the high voltage Battery.
WARNING: Contact Tesla immediately if you notice any significant or sudden drop in fluid levels or uneven tire
wear.
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Fluid Replacement Intervals
Battery coolant and brake fluid levels should only be checked by Tesla or a professional automotive repair shop.
Specific service information is available in the Service Manual.
• Battery coolant: Your Battery coolant does not need to be replaced for the life of your vehicle under most
circumstances.
NOTE: Any damage caused by opening the Battery coolant reservoir is excluded from the warranty.
• Brake fluid: Do not top up your brake fluid.
Software
Updating software is important to ensure proper operation and longevity of your vehicle's components. You must
install a software update at the earliest opportunity. See Software Updates on page 230.
Tesla may update or reinstall your vehicle's software as part of the normal diagnostic, repair, and maintenance
process within Service.
High Voltage Safety
Your Model S has been designed and built with safety as a priority. However, be aware of these precautions to
protect yourself from the risk of injury inherent in all high-voltage systems:
• Read and follow all instructions provided on the labels that are attached to Model S. These labels are there for
your safety.
• The high voltage system has no user-serviceable parts. Do not disassemble, remove or replace high voltage
components, cables or connectors. High voltage cables are colored orange for easy identification.
• If a collision occurs, do not touch any high voltage wiring, connectors, or components connected to the wiring.
• In the unlikely event that a fire occurs, immediately contact your local fire emergency responders.
WARNING: Always disconnect the charge cable before working underneath Model S, even if charging is not in
progress.
WARNING: Keep your hands and clothing away from cooling fans. Some fans operate even when Model S is
powered off.
WARNING: Some fluids (battery acid, Battery coolant, brake fluid, windshield washer additives, etc.) used in
vehicles are poisonous and should not be inhaled, swallowed, or brought into contact with open wounds. For
your safety, always read and follow instructions printed on fluid containers.

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Tire Care and Maintenance
Displaying Tire Pressures
You can display tire pressures on the instrument panel by using the right or left steering wheel buttons to display
Car Status (see Using Left Steering Wheel Buttons on page 94 or Using Right Steering Wheel Buttons on page 95).
The pressure of each tire displays in the visualization of your vehicle, in addition to what time the tire pressures were
last measured. You can also choose whether you want to display tire pressures using Bar or PSI by touching Controls
> Display > Tire Pressure.
NOTE: You may need to drive briefly before the visualization displays the tire pressure values.
Maintaining Tire Pressures
Keep tires inflated to the pressures shown on the Tire and Loading Information label, even if it differs from the
pressure printed on the tire itself. The Tire and Loading Information label is located on the center door pillar and is
visible when the driver door is open.

The Tire Pressure indicator light on the instrument panel alerts you if one or more tires is under- or
over-inflated.

The Tire Pressure indicator light does not immediately turn off when you adjust tire pressure. After inflating the tire
to the recommended pressure, you must drive over 15 mph (25 km/h) for a short amount of time to activate the Tire
Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS), which turns off the Tire Pressure indicator light.
If the indicator light flashes for one minute whenever you power on Model S, a fault with the TPMS is detected (see
TPMS Malfunction on page 239).
NOTE: Your vehicle’s tire pressures will drop in cold ambient temperatures. If the TPMS indicator light appears,
inflate the tires before driving. The tires will lose one PSI for every 10° F (6° C) drop in outside temperature. Proper
tire pressures help protect tires from potholes and improve range when properly inflated.
WARNING: Under-inflation is the most common cause of tire failures and can cause a tire to overheat, resulting
in severe tire cracking, tread separation, or blowout, resulting in unexpected loss of vehicle control and
increased risk of injury. Under-inflation also reduces the vehicle's range and tire tread life.

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WARNING: Check tire pressures using an accurate pressure gauge when tires are cold. It takes only about one
mile (1.6 km) of driving to warm up the tires sufficiently to affect tire pressures. Parking the vehicle in direct
sunlight or in hot weather can also affect tire pressures. If you must check warm tires, expect increased
pressures. Do not let air out of warm tires in an attempt to match recommended cold tire pressures. A hot tire
at or below the recommended cold tire inflation pressure is dangerously under-inflated.
Checking and Adjusting Tire Pressures

Follow these steps when tires are cold and Model S has been stationary for over three hours:
1. Refer to the Tire and Loading Information label located on the driver’s center door pillar for the target tire
pressure.
2. Remove the valve cap.
3. Firmly press an accurate tire pressure gauge onto the valve to measure pressure.
4. If required, add or remove air to reach the recommended pressure.
NOTE: You can release air by pressing the metal stem in the center of the valve.
5. Re-check pressure using the accurate tire gauge.
6. Repeat steps 3 and 4 as necessary until the tire pressure is correct.
7. Reinstall the valve cap to prevent dirt from entering. Periodically check the valve for damage and leaks.
Inspecting and Maintaining Tires
Regularly inspect the tread and side walls for any sign of distortion (bulges), foreign objects, cuts or wear.
WARNING: Do not drive Model S if a tire is damaged, excessively worn, or inflated to an incorrect pressure.
Check tires regularly for wear, and ensure there are no cuts, bulges or exposure of the ply/cord structure.
Tire Wear

Adequate tread depth is important for proper tire performance. Tires with a tread depth less than 4/32” (3 mm) are
more likely to hydroplane in wet conditions and should not be used. Tires with a tread depth less than 5/32” (4 mm)
do not perform well in snow and slush and should not be used when driving in winter conditions.
Model S is originally fitted with tires that have wear indicators molded into the tread pattern. When the tread has
been worn down to 4/32” (3 mm), the indicators start to appear at the surface of the tread pattern, producing the
effect of a continuous band of rubber across the width of the tire. For optimal performance and safety, Tesla
recommends replacing tires before the wear indicators are visible.
To improve vehicle handling characteristics and minimize hydroplaning in wet conditions, put tires with the most
tread on the rear of the car.
Tire Rotation, Balance, and Wheel Alignment

Tesla recommends rotating the tires every 6,250 miles (10,000 km) or if tread depth difference is 2/32 in (1.5 mm) or
greater, whichever comes first.
Tire rotation is an essential part of tire maintenance. It helps maintain an even treadwear pattern which enhances the
tire's overall wear quality, decreases road noise and maximizes tire life.
Vehicles with staggered wheels and non-directional tires can be rotated side-to-side (left-to-right) but not front-toback as the front and rear tire size is different. Left-to-right rotation can increase tread life by changing the direction
of rotation for each tire and balancing shoulder wear.
Unbalanced wheels (sometimes noticeable as vibration through the steering wheel) affect vehicle handling and tire
life. Even with regular use, wheels can get out of balance. Therefore, they should be balanced as required.
If tire wear is uneven (on one side of the tire only) or becomes abnormally excessive, check the wheel alignment.

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Punctured Tires

A puncture eventually causes the tire to lose pressure, which is why it is important to check tire pressures frequently.
Permanently repair or replace punctured or damaged tires as soon as possible.
Your tubeless tires may not leak when penetrated, provided the object remains in the tire. If, however, you feel a
sudden vibration or ride disturbance while driving, or you suspect a tire is damaged, immediately reduce your speed.
Drive slowly, while avoiding heavy braking or sharp steering and, when safe to do so, stop the vehicle. Arrange to
have Model S transported to a Tesla Service Center, or to a nearby tire repair center.
NOTE: In some cases, you can temporarily repair small tire punctures (under 1/4” (6 mm)) using an optional tire
repair kit available from Tesla. This allows you to slowly drive Model S to Tesla or to a nearby tire repair facility.
WARNING: Do not drive with a punctured tire that has not been repaired, even if the puncture has not caused
the tire to deflate. A punctured tire can deflate suddenly at any time.
Flat Spots

If Model S is stationary for a long period, tires can form flat spots. When Model S is driven, these flat spots cause a
vibration which gradually disappears as the tires warm up and regain their original shape.
To minimize flat spots during storage, inflate tires to the maximum pressure indicated on the tire wall. Then, before
driving, release air to adjust tire pressure to the recommended levels.
Improving Tire Mileage

To improve the mileage you get from your tires, maintain tires at the recommended tire pressures, observe speed
limits and advisory speeds, and avoid:
• Pulling away quickly, or hard acceleration.
• Fast turns and heavy braking.
• Potholes and objects in the road.
• Hitting curbs when parking.
• Contaminating tires with fluids that can cause damage.
Replacing Tires and Wheels
Tires degrade over time due to the effects of ultraviolet light, extreme temperatures, high loads, and environmental
conditions. It is recommended that tires are replaced every six years, or sooner if required, even if tread depth is
above the minimum.
When a tire set becomes worn, replace all four tires at the same time. Choose a Tesla-approved tire which is
designed specifically for your vehicle. Most Tesla-approved tires can be identified with a Tx specification (for
example, T0, T1, T2). Tesla-approved tires are designed to reduce road noise and optimize handling, ride, and range.
Contact Tesla Service for information.
If tires need to be replaced early, for example due to a flat tire, we recommend replacing the tires in pairs unless the
other tires are within 2/32 in (1.5 mm) of tread depth of the new tire. When replacing tires, it is important to match
the brand and model of the older tires. Always place a pair of new tires on the rear if all four tires are the same size.
Always balance the wheel and tire after replacing a tire. Consult with a professional tire retailer and installer for
further guidance. It may take up to 24 hours after a tire replacement or repair before the tire lubricant is completely
dry and tires achieve maximum adherence to the rims. Avoid hard accelerations during this period to avoid tire slip
on the rim
NOTE: Regardless of the number of tires replaced, a complete set of matching tires is recommended for optimum
performance.
If tires other than those specified are used, ensure that the load and speed ratings marked on the tire (see
Understanding Tire Markings on page 270) equal or exceed those of the original specification.
For the specification of the original wheels and tires installed on Model S, see Wheels and Tires on page 269.

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If you replace a wheel, the TPMS (Tire Pressure Monitoring System) sensors need to be reset to ensure they provide
accurate warnings when tires are under- or over-inflated (see Resetting the TPMS Sensors on page 238).
WARNING: For your safety, use only tires and wheels that match the original specification. Tires that do not
match the original specification can affect the operation of the TPMS.
WARNING: Never exceed the speed rating of your vehicle's tires. The speed rating is shown on the sidewall of
your tires (see Understanding Tire Markings on page 270).
Asymmetric Tires

Model S tires are asymmetric and must be mounted on the wheel with the correct sidewall facing outward. The
sidewall of the tire is marked with the word OUTSIDE. When new tires are installed, make sure that the tires are
correctly mounted on the wheels.

WARNING: Road holding is seriously impaired if the tires are incorrectly installed on the wheels.
Removing and Installing Aero Covers

If your Model S is equipped with aero covers, you must remove them to access the lug nuts.
To remove an aero cover:
1. Grasp the aero cover firmly with both hands.
2. Pull the aero cover toward you to release the retaining clips.
To install an aero cover:
1. Align the aero cover with the valve stem.
2. Firmly press the center of the cover to secure it in place, then work your way out to firmly pressing the outer
perimeter of each spoke. You may need to hold onto the opposite side of the cover until all spokes are secured.
3. Firmly press the center of the cap with your hands (do not hit the cover with your hands) to ensure it is secured.
4. As a final check, quickly pull each spoke to confirm they are secured in place.
For Gemini wheels, press on the perimeter of the cover until it aligns with the wheel surface. Press on the Tesla “T” in
the center until the cap snaps into place. See Parts and Accessories on page 256 for more information.
CAUTION: To prevent the aero cover from falling off, ensure that it is fully secured before driving.
Wheel Configuration

If you are installing new wheels or swapping them for different ones, update your vehicle's wheel configuration by
touching Controls > Service > Wheel Configuration > Wheels. This allows Model S to learn the new wheels and
provide more accurate status updates on your vehicle. Select a wheel from the drop down menu that matches the
new wheels you plan to install on Model S. Selecting new wheels in the wheel configuration also changes the wheels
that appear on your vehicle's avatar on the touchscreen.
Ensure you are aware if your vehicle is equipped with staggered wheels, meaning the wheels are different sizes in
the front and rear. Check the front and rear tire sizes marked on the tire sidewall to see if they match or are different
sizes. If the wheels are staggered, take extra precaution to ensure the new wheels you install are staggered in the
same way as the previous wheels.

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NOTE: Changing your vehicle's wheel configuration can impact range estimates, tire pressure warning levels, and
vehicle visualization.
WARNING: Only use Tesla-approved wheels when installing or swapping wheels. Using non Tesla-approved
wheels can cause serious damage. Tesla is not liable for damage caused by using wheels not approved by
Tesla.
Tire Pressure Monitoring
Each tire should be checked monthly when cold and inflated to the recommended pressures that are printed on the
Tire and Loading Information label located on the driver’s door pillar (see Maintaining Tire Pressures on page 234). If
your vehicle has tires of a different size than the size indicated on the vehicle placard or tire inflation pressure label,
determine the proper tire inflation pressure for those tires.
As an added safety feature, your vehicle has been equipped with a TPMS that displays a tire pressure telltale (Tire
Pressure Warning) on the instrument panel when one or more of your tires is significantly under- or over-inflated.
Accordingly, when the Tire Pressure indicator light displays on the instrument panel to alert you about tire pressure,
stop and check your tires as soon as possible, and inflate them to the proper pressure (see Maintaining Tire
Pressures on page 234). Driving on a significantly under-inflated tire causes the tire to overheat and can lead to tire
failure. Under-inflation also reduces range efficiency and tire tread life, and may affect the vehicle's handling and
stopping ability.
If Model S detects a fault with the TPMS, this indicator flashes for one minute whenever you power on
Model S.

NOTE: Installing accessories that are not approved by Tesla can interfere with the TPMS.
WARNING: The TPMS is not a substitute for proper tire maintenance, including manually checking tire
pressures and regularly inspecting the condition of tires. It is the driver's responsibility to maintain correct tire
pressure, even if under- or over-inflation has not reached the level for the TPMS to trigger the Tire Pressure
Warning on the instrument panel.
Resetting the TPMS Sensors

After replacing one or more wheels (but not after replacing a tire or rotating wheels), the TPMS sensors need to be
reset to ensure tire pressure warnings are accurate.
On newer versions of Model S, the TPMS sensors are reset automatically after driving over 15 mph (25 km/h) for
longer than 10 minutes. But for older versions, follow these steps:
1. Inflate all tires to their recommended pressures, as indicated on the Tire and Loading Information label located on
the door pillar.
2. Get ready to drive for ten minutes, then touching Controls > Service > Reset TPMS Sensors.
3. Follow the onscreen instructions.
CAUTION: Selecting the incorrect wheel size may result in false tire pressure warnings. If a tire pressure
warning displays, exit the vehicle, close the rear trunk and all doors, wait for the touchscreen to go black,
then re-enter the vehicle and ensure that the correct wheel size is selected before touching Reset TPMS
Sensors.
NOTE: On some older versions of Model S, when changing to 21" wheels, the TPMS may generate false tire pressure
warnings. Bring Model S to a Tesla Service Center for further adjustment.
WARNING: Do not reset the TPMS sensors in an attempt to clear tire pressure warnings.
Replacing a Tire Sensor

If the Tire Pressure warning indicator displays frequently, contact Tesla to determine if a tire sensor needs to be
replaced. If a non-Tesla Service Center repairs or replaces a tire, the tire sensor may not work until Tesla performs the
setup procedure.

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TPMS Malfunction

Model S has also been equipped with a TPMS malfunction indicator to indicate when the system is not operating
properly.
The TPMS malfunction indicator is combined with the tire pressure indicator light. When the system
detects a malfunction, the indicator flashes for approximately one minute, then remains continuously
lit. This sequence continues upon subsequent vehicle start-ups as long as the malfunction exists. When
the TPMS malfunction indicator is on, the system might not be able to detect or signal under- or overinflated tires as intended.
TPMS malfunctions can occur for a variety of reasons, including installing replacement or alternate tires or wheels
that prevent the TPMS from functioning properly. Always check the TPMS malfunction indicator light after replacing
one or more tires or wheels on your vehicle to ensure that the replacement tires or wheels allow the TPMS to
continue to function properly.
NOTE: If a tire has been replaced or repaired using a different tire sealant than the one available from Tesla, and a
low tire pressure is detected, it is possible that the tire sensor has been damaged. Contact Tesla to have the fault
repaired as soon as possible.
Seasonal Tire Types
Understand Your Tire Type

The type of tires that your vehicle is originally equipped with depends on vehicle model and market region. It is
important to understand the capabilities of your vehicle's tires and whether they are suited for summer, all-season,
or winter driving. Check the information on the sidewall of a tire for information about a tire's performance
characteristics (see Understanding Tire Markings on page 270)
Summer and All-Season Tires

Summer tires and all season tires are designed for maximum dry and wet road performance but are not designed to
perform well in winter conditions. All-season tires are designed to provide adequate traction in most conditions
year-round, but may not provide the same level of traction as winter tires in snowy or icy conditions. All-season tires
can be identified by “ALL SEASON" and/or "M+S” (mud and snow) on the tire sidewall.
If driving in cold temperatures or on roads where snow or ice may be present, Tesla recommends using winter tires.
If not equipped with winter tires, contact Tesla for winter tire recommendations.
WARNING: In cold temperatures or on snow or ice, summer and all-season tires do not provide adequate
traction. Selecting and installing the appropriate tires for winter conditions is important to ensure the safety
and optimum performance of your Model S.
Winter Tires

Use winter tires to increase traction in snowy or icy conditions. When installing winter tires, always install a complete
set of four tires at the same time. Winter tires must be the same diameter, brand, construction and tread pattern on
all four wheels. Contact Tesla for winter tire recommendations.
Winter tires can be identified by a mountain/snowflake symbol on the tire's sidewall.

When driving with winter tires, you may experience more road noise, shorter tread life, and less traction on dry
roads.

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Driving in Low Temperatures
Tire performance is reduced in low ambient temperatures, resulting in reduced grip and an increased susceptibility
to damage from impacts. Performance tires (summer applications) have reduced traction in ambient temperatures
below 40° F (5° C), and are not recommended in snow/ice conditions. Performance tires can temporarily harden
when cold, causing you to hear rotational noise for the first few miles (kilometers) until the tires warm up.
Using Tire Chains
Tesla has tested and approved the following tire chains (also called snow chains) to increase traction in snowy
conditions. Tire chains should only be installed on the rear tires. The approved tire chains can be purchased from
Tesla.
Tire Size

Recommended Chain

19"

KONIG K-SUMMIT K45

Do not use tire chains on 21" tires.
When installing tire chains, follow the instructions and warnings provided by the tire chain manufacturer. Mount
them evenly and as tight as possible.
When using tire chains:
• Inspect the tire chains for loose fittings and damaged links before each use.
• Set air suspension (if equipped) to Standard and turn off the Default Ride Height to Low setting (see Air
Suspension on page 111Air Suspension on page 113Air Suspension on page 115).
• Avoid heavily loading Model S (heavy loads can reduce the clearance between the tires and the body).
• Do not drive the vehicle without the chains properly installed.
• Drive slowly. Do not exceed 30 mph (48 km/h).
• Remove the tire chains as soon as conditions allow.
NOTE: Tire chains are prohibited in some jurisdictions. Check local laws before installing tire chains.